Hi, thank you for the interesting question. I braved the pop-ups and
perverse search results because I think this is an important question
and one that could be the basis for an interesting hypothesis/study.
Because of the potentially repressive Chinese family planning
practices, there may well be an increased incentive to resort to anal
sex as a form of contraception. This could lead to increases in the
spread of STD's like AIDS. This has been a common problem in Africa,
where the concepts of safe-sex and birth control have been conflated
and often anal sex is thought to be a "safe" alternative. In reality,
of course, it can be an even more dangerous practice and has
contributed to the spread of the virus in that region. Education is
often thought to be the most potent weapon to combat this type of
problem. However, in China, the AIDS rate is relatively low and the
misconceptions seem to be less prevelant. Are they more educated on
the matter? Do they not use anal sex as a birth control method? Why
has the disease failed to become an epidemic in the country with the
world's largest population? All of these questions may be points of
further study.
Unfortunately, the available material on the web for this subject is
very limited. However, I have provided you with some general
background information, studies and papers relating to China
specifically, some historical information, and finally some news
related to China's one-child policy. I will continue to research this
matter further and update my answer if I am able to find more using
some library databases that I don't have access to at the moment. I
hope this helps. Good luck. Please feel free to ask for clarification
if need be.
Background on anal sex as a method of birth control
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
History of birth control:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birth_control
History of Contraception:
http://big.berkeley.edu/ifplp.history.pdf
Encyclopedia entry on Anal sex:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anal_sex
"Edward O. Laumann's The Social Organization of Sexuality: Sexual
Practices in the United States found that about 20% of heterosexuals
have engaged in anal sex. In several cultures (such as the
Mediterranean area and Latin America) and countries (such as Brazil,
where almost 50% of the population practices anal sex [1]
(http://www.garynull.com/Documents/Continuum/DissentingViewAnalSex&AIDS.htm)),
female receptive anal intercourse is widely accepted amongst
heterosexuals, not only for the pleasures involved, but also as a
method of contraception, and as a way of preserving female virginity
(or at least preserving an intact hymen until marriage). As a method
of birth control anal intercourse should probably be considered a
fairly reliable but not foolproof method, as it is still possible for
semen to contact the vagina and result in pregnancy."
Sex in the Middle Ages
http://www.rencentral.com/feb_mar_vol2/sexmiddleages.shtml
Contraceptive Methods
http://www.rho.org/assets/RHO_contrac_5-25-04.pdf
Anal sex in China/ AIDS in China
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Anal sex as birth control in China/ relation to AIDS spread:
http://www.garynull.com/Documents/Continuum/DissentingViewAnalSex&AIDS.htm
"In many areas of the world anal sex is practiced as a means of birth
control. It would only seem logical that in China, a country of well
over one billion individuals that restricts its married couples to one
child, this would be the case, especially since we have abundant
evidence in the poetry, literature and art of China of anal
coupling.11 Furthermore, in this study the author contends that
"surviving literature [from China] depicts anal inter-course as the
preferred form of homosexual intercourse."12 China is still, in spite
of the influence of Communism, one of the most traditional and
unchanging cultures on Earth. It is therefore fairly certain that anal
inter- is still widely practiced there, and in the light of their huge
population, the actual number of rear-end encounters could exceed
those of the US. In spite of this, we find practically no AIDS in
China and China still suffers from a growing population."
HIV and AIDS in China
http://www.youandaids.org/Asia%20Pacific%20at%20a%20Glance/China/index.asp
"Men having sex with men
A survey conducted in 2000 among 857 Men having sex with men (MSM)
(average age 30 yrs) throughout China gives the following information
on sexual practices:
In the past year: 77 % had anal sex"
Results of the one-child policy on sexuality in China:
Sexuality, Marriage, Family and AIDS epidemic
http://ncaids.www.50megs.com/publications/workengpt3.html
"A. Since 1980, Chinese government's "one child policy" had made five
outcomes in the field of sexuality.
1. People's basic valuation on sexuality had changed from seeking for
reproduction to seeking for pleasure.
2. The one child policy promoted contraception and abortion. Thus, the
society had lost its main method to find out and to punish non-marital
sex.
3. Having only one child in whole life made Chinese younger women have
more time, more energy and less fear to make love.
4. The one child policy made the child become as the VIP in a family
consisted of only three person. Parents can hardly control their
sexual behavior.
5. Every kind of sexuality minority, will gain more many reasons to
exist in China."
"of 165 male homo-and bisexuals, 48.5% had anal sex."
AIDS AND HOMOSEXUALITY IN CHINA
http://www.usembassy-china.org.cn/sandt/webaids4.htm
HIV/AIDS: China?s Titanic Peril
http://www.gateway2china.com/report/AIDSchina2001update.pdf
Sex and health education in China:
http://nchsr.arts.unsw.edu.au/pdf%20reports/china.pdf
Some history
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Just a factoid; First recorded instance of sodomy in China
http://www.world-sex-records.com/sex-218.htm
"Nobles, courtiers and even emperors engaged in sodomy, this being
especially prevalent during the Manchu dynasty (17th-20th centuries).
Relations were most common between men and youths."
"In both China and Japan, male prostitution was widespread, and "a
thriving and honorable profession" sanctified in China by Tcheou-
wang, God of Sodomy, and in Japan consecrated in male Geisha houses.
In China, "the boys were made to sit on benches made of boxwood sprigs
in graduated sizes, in order to prepare them to welcome the pleasures
expected of them." In both cultures these prostitutes could still be
found on special streets as late as the last world war."
On China's "One Child Policy":
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
In China's Countryside, 'It's a Boy!' Too Often
By John Pomfret
Washington Post Foreign Service
Tuesday, May 29, 2001; Page A01
http://www.washingtonpost.com/ac2/wp-dyn/A77925-2001May25
China admits mistakes in enforcing one-child policy
http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/archives/2000/12/20/0000066234
China to formalize one-child policy
http://www.atimes.com/china/CE24Ad02.html
Chinese official tells tales of state-enforced abortion
http://articles.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1571/is_n26_v14/ai_21003558
Analysis of Trends in Unwanted Childbearing Resolves Paradox of
Demographic Transition
http://www.popcouncil.org/publications/popbriefs/pb4(1)_4.html
China Sticks to Population Control Policy in New Century
http://www.cpirc.org.cn/en/e-policy4.htm
Population Control in China:When Science and Policy Don't Add Up
http://www.columbia.edu/~bcp26/
Population Control in China: Problems with Policy
http://www.columbia.edu/~bcp26/web-pages/problems.html
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Additional Respources:
China Population Information and Research Center (CPIRC)
http://www.cpirc.org.cn/en/eindex.htm
CIA - The World Factbook -- China
http://www.cia.gov/cia/publications/factbook/geos/ch.html
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Google Search Strategy:
"anal sex" china
"anal sex" "birth control" or contraception
-limiting search terms
Thanks again. Please let me know if I can clarify my response to
better meet your needs.
Regards,
Anthony |
Request for Answer Clarification by
re_fuse-ga
on
13 Jun 2004 00:59 PDT
Dear Anthony
Thank you for your effort
Most of this information I have already found my self
The reson why I have payed $200 is that I need a more in depth information.
Particualy scientific and acedemic....Citation of studies is a must.....
could you please deepen the search.
also references to literature and poety
And anything Diferences/Similarities relating to traditional Vs Modern China
please answer the question in Relation to hetrosexual relations
I don`t need any reference to Aids
it purely Anal sex as a method of contraceptions
The only information I can use that you posted was on the following
link and that was only anodotal
http://www.garynull.com/Documents/Continuum/DissentingViewAnalSex&AIDS.htm
The following link that you posted could not be opened
http://www.popcouncil.org/publications/popbriefs/pb4(1
Regards from Stephen
|
Clarification of Answer by
adiloren-ga
on
13 Jun 2004 01:57 PDT
I understand, I wasn't exactly sure where you were going with it- and
the information on the specific subject is obviously limited. Exactly
what types of scientific studies are you seeking? Studies on the
prevalence of anal sex as contraception in China? Do you want
information on the cultural standards in China that relate to this
type of sexual activity? ie. Chinese women may find the practice
disrespectful, etc. and therefore it is limited. Are you seeking this
information in relation to population growth in China?
Any additional information you can provide to help narrow my search
will help greatly. Also, as I noted earlier, I will have access to a
great deal more databases tomorrow and so I will have a lot more info
to work with. I fully intend to help you get the information you seek
and if it is available, I should be able to find it. We may just have
to work together a bit to help develop the best search strategies. The
more information you can provide me on what you already have and what
you are still seeking the better.
Thanks,
Anthony
|
Clarification of Answer by
adiloren-ga
on
13 Jun 2004 19:41 PDT
I am doing some follow-up research now, including some legal research.
If you don't mind me asking, where is this case being tried?
|
Request for Answer Clarification by
re_fuse-ga
on
13 Jun 2004 20:53 PDT
Dear Anthony
Thank you for your request for clarification
I received this email from Google this morning
"Your comment on question ID 360196, titled "Contraception in China
(Serious research project)", has been removed from Goggle Answers. In
our
Terms of Service, we reserve the right to remove content for various
reasons."
This worried me, as I mentioned that I was aware of the Important Disclaimer:
"Answers and comments provided on Google Answers are general
information, and are not intended to substitute for informed
professional medical, psychiatric, psychological, tax, legal,
investment, accounting, or other professional advice. Google does not
endorse, and expressly disclaims liability for any product,
manufacturer, distributor, service or service provider mentioned or
any opinion expressed in answers or comments. Please read carefully
the Google Answers Terms of Service."
...................................................................
Despite the obvious pitfall?s I wish to go ahead with this research.
.....................................................................
The case is being tried under the "Laws of New South Wales"(NSW)
Australia. (District Court)
I am not interested in information pertaining to cases in this jurisdiction.
... As my legal team has everything on this
How ever any statistics relating to Chinese women making false
allegations in regards to Domestic Violence or Rape in countries
outside of China as a ploy to getting visa?s could be used.
.......................................................................
I have fully acquainted my self with Chinese Law (have been doing this
for 3 years) and I am aware that there is no mention of this type of
offence in the English translation of the Chinese Criminal Code. I am
not aware of anywhere that could provide information in regards to
individual cases.
As I mentioned I am not relying on this information for an acquittal
My legal team has told me that if the State knew about the particulars
of this case, then the Attorney General would dismiss the case
immediately. However that would no clear my name.
I hope for the information to be used to help set a precedent in Law.
There are several similar cases, which are unresolved. My legal team
suggests that my case, upon, resolution maybe be tabled by the
Government in Parliament. Thereby causing some amendments to the
Police Act
Thanks Again for your efforts
Regards from Stephen
|
Clarification of Answer by
adiloren-ga
on
13 Jun 2004 22:29 PDT
I spent hours searching through multiple databases and there just
isn't that much info on heterosexual anal sex in relation to China.
Thus, my posting may seem a little bit all over the map, but I figured
I would give you anything that may be helpful. Please let me know if
I'm heading in the right direction and include any more advice on
specific areas you would like researched. I will be happy to add to
this response.
Thanks,
Anthony
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
This case may be of interest to you:
South China Morning Post (Hong Kong)
December 8, 1998
SECTION: Pg. 3
HEADLINE: Legal adviser questions his rape accuser
BODY:
<<A legal adviser accused of rape went to court yesterday and told his
alleged victim she was lying.
James Simon Robert Wilkins, 35, chose to represent himself against
charges of having raped and had non-consensual anal sex at his Wan
Chai home with a 42 -year-old former domestic helper.
The pair had met at the Strawberry disco in Wan Chai shortly before
the alleged rape on February 21 this year.
Without a defence lawyer, Wilkins, who works for a bank, is entitled
to quiz the woman in court himself.
Between sobs, she told the Court of First Instance how she initially
refused to report the alleged rape to police out of fear she would be
imprisoned for overstaying her visa, which expired on February 8.
Wilkins said: "I put it to you that your whole story . . . is a
complete fabrication because you didn't wish to tell the truth as to
why you came back to my home. I think you have a motive in making
these allegations.
"Firstly, for gaining sympathetic treatment for being an illegal
immigrant and, secondly, because you knew by making such a serious
charge, your visa would be extended . . . for many months.">>
Anal sex not classified as rape in China:
CHINA NEWS
September 3, 1998
HEADLINE: Activists want rape suspects to be detained
BODY:
"Local women's rights groups have for several months been pushing for
rape to be made a criminal offense subject to public prosecution
regardless of whether the victim files a complaint. Now they claim to
want to take their struggle one step further, by demanding that those
suspected of rape or sexual assault be immediately detained pending
investigation.
During a public forum at the Legislative Yuan yesterday, local women's
rights activists urged the government to amend the current Criminal
Code which currently says rape cases may be initiated only upon the
filing of a complaint.
The activists also suggested that people who forced the victim, male
or female, to submit to oral or anal sex should be brought up on
charges automatically. Currently only vaginal intercourse has been
included in the legal definition of rape.
The Legislative Committee on Judicial Affairs passed the first reading
of a bill to amend the Criminal Code on May 25 this year that would
automatically bring charges in any rape, sexual abuse and assault case
uncovered by police"
Contraception in China- a study:
Understanding Heterosexual Chinese College Students' Intention to
Adopt Safer Sex Behaviors
The Journal of Sex Research 38 no2 118-26 My 2001
"There is a paucity of studies that examine safer sex behaviors among
Chinese college students in Hong Kong. Of the few studies in this
area, results indicate that safer sex behaviors are largely uncommon
among Chinese college students. For example, Ling (1993) found that
about one quarter of the sexually active college students in Hong Kong
did not use any condoms or other contraceptive methods during sexual
activities. This researcher also found that even among those college
students using contraception, a great proportion reported using unsafe
methods in terms of protection against STDs and AIDS/HIV, such as
coitus interruption, rhythm, pills, and post-coital douche. More
recent data on condom use of Chinese college students in Hong Kong are
not available."
"This study aimed to examine Chinese college students' safer sex
behaviors and to explore whether or not the Theory of Reasoned Action
would be useful in understanding AIDS/HIV-prevention behaviors of
Chinese students. A total of 455 Chinese college students (161 males
and 267 females) in Hong Kong participated in the study. Results
revealed that 24% of the students were sexually active during the
surveyed year, with only 38.2% of them reporting regular condom use.
About one third of the students intended to experiment with casual sex
in the future, but only 64% would use condoms regularly if they were
to have future casual sexual encounters."
" The present investigators did not find gender differences with
regard to Chinese college students' current sexual behaviors and
current safer sex behaviors. However, males were more likely than
females to report that they would engage in a one-night stand in the
future. This gender difference may be due to the fact that females
tend to focus on love and emotional factors when considering sexual
relationships, while males may consider lust and physical pleasure as
the more primary reasons to engage in a sexual relationship (Chan &
Cheung, 1998; Whitley, 1988). These results may also reflect the
subtle double standards put on the two genders by the society at
large, in which women are honored for their asexuality while male
sexuality is portrayed as a train that cannot be derailed once engaged
(Lear, 1997)."
China- not so culturally conservative regarding sex:
The Guardian (London)
February 14, 1999
<<CHINA
The Bang Bang Peace and Happiness Health Centre in Beijing is one of
the hundreds of new sex shops licensed by the Communist Party. As well
as birth control, the state now promotes the joy of sex, with
flavoured condoms, a wide range of vibrators, and Viagra substitutes
such as Strong Man capsules: 'For love like tiger again and again.'>>
South China Morning Post (Hong Kong)
November 20, 1994
<<The videos are part of a medical sexology course run by Dr Ng
Man-lun, who says they are important for the full and proper
understanding of the subject.
Dr Ng, 48, the programme co-ordinator and a reader of psychiatry at
the university's Faculty of Medicine, said: ''The movies show how
people have sexual intercourse and the different ways of doing it, how
people masturbate, what anal sex is, what contraception is, the
different postures involved in sexual practices, the pros and cons as
well as some deviant sexual behaviour.''>>
''It is an internationally standard way of shocking students to make
them talk about sex. This is especially important with Hong Kong
Chinese students, to get them to talk is very difficult.''
Future doctors had to be aware of their own biases in order to help
patients with problems. ''Some of the students are bound to say the
film is terrible, disgusting and so on,'' Professor Ma said, ''but it
is meant to be.''
She said when the films were first purchased 10 years ago, the
university had to get a special licence from the Government.
The University of Hong Kong is the only tertiary institution here to
offer medical sexology and Vice Chancellor Professor Wang Gungwu said
he was satisfied the films were an appropriate part of the course."
Shanghai's Museum of Sex
Gay & Lesbian Review 10 no3 33-4 My/Je 2003
" Indeed sex has always had a central, if unspoken, place in Chinese
life. One scholar has even argued that sex, more than culture or
politics, was the fundamental influence underlying ancient Chinese
ritual and ethics. Several ancient classics stress that making love as
much as possible--and as far as possible into old age--was beneficial
to health and spiritual well-being. These texts were based on the
naturalist philosophy of Taoism, which taught that sex was a way to
harmonize the energies of heaven and earth. Sexual arousal in men and
women was thought to be accompanied by the secretion of yang (male)
and yin (female) essences or energy. A person not only needed to
cultivate his or her own inherent sexual energy, but also was supposed
to absorb the energy of the opposite sex in order to maintain a
healthy balance of yin and yang."
"The museum's collection of artifacts reflecting homosexual
behavior--which had prompted my own visit--is somewhat disappointing.
Indeed, the language in the official brochure becomes particularly
contorted when it turns its attention to the last of the ten topics
into which the exhibition is divided: "Unusual Sexual Behavior." Among
the practices included under this rubric are homosexuality, fetishism,
exhibitionism, voyeurism, sadism, and masochism. The brochure
explains: "In past period, people usually treated unusual sexual
behavior as crimes and punished it seriously. ... But according to
modern science, in general speaking, the unusual sexual behavior is
psychological disease, or only sexual behavior in different forms, we
should make a concrete analysis of concrete conditions. We should help
and guide them, and not discriminate and crack down on them."
Tibetan Buddhist views on the practice:
The New York Times
September 19, 2003
<<In reality, Tibetan Buddhism is not a values-free system oriented
around smiles and a warm heart. It is a religion with tough ethical
underpinnings that sometimes get lost in translation. For example, the
Dalai Lama explicitly condemns homosexuality, as well as all oral and
anal sex. His stand is close to that of Pope John Paul II, something
his Western followers find embarrassing and prefer to ignore. His
American publisher even asked him to remove the injunctions against
homosexuality from his book, "Ethics for the New Millennium," for fear
they would offend American readers, and the Dalai Lama acquiesced.>>
Refers to the UK- but may be of value:
Independent on Sunday (London)
July 7, 2002, Sunday
"The latest National Survey of Sexual Attitudes and Lifestyles reports
an increase in the numbers of sexual partners, a lower age at which
people first have sexual intercourse, increasing levels of
heterosexual anal sex and of payment for sex - which are all
associated with HIV transmission."
CNN
View Related Topics
Sonya Live
July 1, 1992
<<SONYA: Now, I want to ask you a little bit about what's normal. You
know, today, on the one hand, we seem to have become much more
knowledgeable and expressive about sex. On the other, we're moving
back to being scared about certain kinds of sexual things. And yet,
people talk about anal sex. Is that now considered something that is
OK if it's consensual by a heterosexual couple, or does it have other
kinds of connotations?
Dr. KAPLAN: A good sexual partner is one who knows what makes the
partner feel good, what feels good, and what doesn't feel good. You
can have the best sex in the world by just kissing and touching and
having regular intercourse. That can be a sublime experience if that's
the fantasy, if that's the erotic desire of that couple. Other
couples, other people have equal- have different things that really
turn them on. There are some perfectly normal people that are totally
turned on by the idea of having anal sex or doing anal sex, and there
are some perfectly normal people who would call the police, I mean,
who hate that. >>
Legal case research:
JOHN GEDDES LAWRENCE and TYRON GARNER, Petitioners v. TEXAS
No. 02-102
SUPREME COURT OF THE UNITED STATES
539 U.S. 558; 123 S. Ct. 2472; 156 L. Ed. 2d 508; 2003 U.S. LEXIS
5013; 71 U.S.L.W. 4574; 2003 Cal. Daily Op. Service 5559; 2003 Daily
Journal DAR 7036; 16 Fla. L. Weekly Fed. S 427
March 26, 2003, Argued
June 26, 2003, Decided
<<Convictions of two adults for consensual sexual intimacy in
home--under Texas statute criminalizing "deviate sexual intercourse"
between individuals of same sex--held to violate adults' due process
liberty and privacy interests.
SUMMARY: In Bowers v Hardwick (1986) 478 US 186, 92 L Ed 2d 140, 106 S
Ct 2841, the United States Supreme Court held that the due process
clause of the Federal Constitution's Fourteenth Amendment did not (1)
confer a fundamental right upon homosexuals to engage in consensual
sodomy, or (2) invalidate a Georgia statute that criminalized acts of
consensual sodomy--regardless of whether the participants were of the
same sex--even when the acts in question occurred in the privacy of
the home. In so holding, the Supreme Court (1) noted that the laws of
many states made such conduct illegal, and (2) proscriptions against
such conduct had "ancient roots.">>
|
Request for Answer Clarification by
re_fuse-ga
on
13 Jun 2004 23:23 PDT
Dear Anthony
Thanks again for you effort.
It seems that your are correct that there is not much information on
the following....
1
The type of scientific studies I am seeking is any that can be quoted
as an authorative source relating to the subject.
2.
Any Studies on the
prevalence of anal sex as contraception in China That again can be
quoted as an authorative source.
3.
Any legal citations? relating to prosecutions for sexual acts of this
nature in China.
Even if you could give any referece to any of the above that I could
follow up by writing to the source
.....................................................................
However anything in the following would be a great help to me
........................................................................
.1.
Any literacy, references of heterosexual anal sexual activity?. It
could be any heterosexual reference to this practice in classical
Chinese literature or poetry. I would need the text (or relevant part
thereof) and most importantly the Bibliography.
.2.
A list of
Any Chinese based web sites depicting pornographic anal sex within
heterosexual couples.
Again thank you
Regards from Stephen
|
Clarification of Answer by
adiloren-ga
on
14 Jun 2004 10:59 PDT
First, on the Terms of Service concern. The comment may have been too
graphic or personal in nature. You also had noted that you would
rather not have the material posted, so they probably assumed that
once I had read it, they could delete it.
Ok. Just a few follow-up questions before I give this another crack.
1) What would these scientific studies be based on? A study of whether
anal sex is an effective contraceptive or what? I'm not entirely sure
I understand what a study would focus on relating to heterosexual anal
sex unless it dealt with AIDS or STD's.
2) Do you want evidence that it is an acceptable act with a long
tradition in Chinese culture? Or the opposite? Or both?
Sorry, you would think I would be a little clearer on this, since you
divulged so much information on your situation- but I'm having trouble
understanding what information you think will really help your case,
etc.
If you could tell me-- "idealy I would like to have a study that
concludes X and some examples from Chinese history/ literature etc,
that show Y"...that would help narrow it a bit. I don't mean to press
you to overspecify, but the nature of this research is rather
difficult when the parameters are broad.
I'll wait for your response and then I'll get to it this afternoon.
Thanks for your patience.
|
Clarification of Answer by
adiloren-ga
on
14 Jun 2004 23:48 PDT
Here is some more stuff that I dug up. Feel free to further comment
and I try and find some more to meet your needs.
-Anthony
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
This is the foremost study on Chinese sexual behavior and the first
nation-wide survey of sexual behavior in China:
Sexual Behavior in Modern China: The Report on the Nationwide Survey
of 20,000 Men and Women
by Dalin Liu
http://www.powells.com/cgi-bin/biblio?show=Hardcover:Used:0826408869:45.95
On the study:
http://www2.rz.hu-berlin.de/sexology/GESUND/ARCHIV/MAY_97.HTM
"Population-Based Study of Chlamydial Infection in China: A Hidden
Epidemic," appears in the Journal of the American Medical Association
(2003;289:1265-1273)
Abstract:
"The research, conducted between August 1999 and August 2000 in 60
communities by US and Chinese researchers, is the first nationwide
survey to combine reports of sexual behavior in China with empirical
evidence of its consequences. The survey of about 3,800 Chinese men
and women ages 20-64"
Contact:
William L. Parish
University of Chicago
http://sociology.uchicago.edu/faculty/parish/index.html
Work phone: 773-702-8682
w-parish@uchicago.edu
(I live in Chicago, so I will contact him tomorrow if you would like.
He is an expert on sexual behavior in modern China).
Contact:
Vern Bullough
http://uscnurse.usc.edu/faculty/vern.htm
http://www.csun.edu/~sr2022/csr/members/bullough.htm
1540 Alcazar Street
CHP 222
Los Angeles, CA 90033
323-442-2007
vern@csun1.csun.edu
This Journal should be useful:
# Journal of Chinese Sexology
(Edited by the China Sexology Association, quarterly)
Prof. Tianmin Xu, Chairman
No. 38, Xue Yuan Lu
Haidian District, Beijing Medical University
Beijing 100083
Phone: +86-1-62091244
+86-1-62091548
Fax: +86-1-62015681
+86-1-62091473
E-mail: shwb@mail.bjmu.edu.cn
Chinese contacts:
#Information Center of Sex Research
Director:
Prof. Suiming Pan
Institute for Research in Sexology and Gender
Renmin University of China
Post Box 23, Renmin University
175 Hai Dian Road
Beijing 100872
#Shanghai Institute of Planned Parenthood Research
Dr. Guo Youning, also Sun Xiaofeng
2140 Xie Tu Road
Shanghai 200032
#Shanghai Sex Sociology Research Center
Shanghai University Arts College
Prof. Liu Dalin
574 Xi Jiang Wan Road
Shanghai
#The South China Institute of Sexology
Prof. Dr. Dr. Hu Tln Yi
57W Zungshan Road
Yichun 336000 Jiang Xi Province
Phone: +86-0795-3223609
Fax: +86-0795-3224578
E-mail: gzjxye@public.guangzhou.gd.cn
# Beijing Sexuality Education and Research Association
Dr. Ma Xiaonian
West Yuguan Road
Beijing 100039
Phone: +860-010-6827-6928
Fax: +860-010-6827-6928
# China Family Planning Association (CFPA)
Contact:
LiLy Liu Liqing, Deputy Director, Public Affairs
No. 1, Shenggu Beili
Yinghuayuanxijie
Beijing 100029
Phone: +86-10-6441-3375
Fax: +86-10-6441-7612
E-mail: cfpa@public.fhnet.cn.net
# China Sexology Association
Prof. Tianmin Xu, Chairman
No. 38, Xu Yuan Lu
Haidian District, Beijing Medical University
Beijing 100083
Phone: +86-1-62091244
+86-1-62091548
Fax: +86-1-62015681
+86-1-62091473
E-mail: shwb@mail.bjmu.edu.cn
# The Family Planning Association of Hong Kong
Dr. Susan Fan, Executive Director
Ground, 8th,9th & 10th Floors, Southern Centre
Hong Kong 130 Hennessy Road
Wanchai
Phone: (852) 2575 4477
Fax: (852) 2834 6767
# Family Planning Association of Shenzhen (Shonbu Distict)
Yan Xi-Ling
West Sun Gang Road
Shenzhen
# Family Planning Commission of Guangdong Province
Jia Guang Hong
305 Dongfeng Zhong Road
Shanghai 51003
# Hong Kong Sex Education Association
Mr. Li Man-Chiu
P.O. Box 50419, Sai Ying Pun
Hong Kong
Phone: +825-285-54486
Fax: +825-285-51345
E-mail: HRUCNML@hkucc.hku.hk
# Shanghai Sex Education Research Association
Sheng Yuqin
122 Shan Xi Road (S)
Shanghai
# Shanghai Sex Education Society
President:
Professor Jiahe Hong
No. 530 Lingling Road
Shanghai 200032
Phone: +86-21-64170857
Fax: +86-21-64175145
Some more statistics and information from the web:
N-9 is found in a wide range of lubricants
http://www.global-campaign.org/rectalN9.htm
"Anal sex may also be more common among women in developing countries
than previously thought. A Chinese study of 1300 people from 41 cities
found that nearly 70 percent of men and women had engaged in anal
intercourse (Burton 1990)."
From the China entry in "The International Encyclopedia of Sexuality"
Chapter; Interpersonal Heterosexual Behaviors
Robert T. Francoeur, Editor
Hosted by: Humboldt Universitat Zu Berlin
http://www2.rz.hu-berlin.de/sexology/GESUND/ARCHIV/IES/CHINA.HTM#4.%20AUTOEROTIC%20BEHAVIORS%20AND%20PATTERNS
"Incidence of Oral and Anal Sex
Several factors influence both attitudes towards and experience with
oral and anal sex. In a 1989 survey with 1,279 respondents in 27
cities, nearly seven out of ten Chinese reported they have had anal
sex with heterosexual partners. Professor Pan found that only 6
percent of the 600 heterosexual couples he surveyed in big cities had
had anal intercourse at least once.
In ancient erotic art and fiction, oral sex, including mutual ?69?
oral sex, is not unusual. Considering the lack of information about
sexual behaviors that prevailed until recently and Dalin Liu?s finding
that 34 percent of rural couples and 17 percent of urban couples
engaged in less than a minute of foreplay, it is not likely that oral
sex is as common as it was in ancient China. No general survey data is
available. Many modern Chinese think oral sex is too ?dirty.? In 1988,
a survey of 140 homosexual males in Shanghai revealed that only
nineteen persons, 13.6 percent, said they had had oral sex, and only
four persons, 2.8 percent, had experienced anal sex. At a 1990 World
Health Organization meeting on the spread of AIDS in China, Pan
reported that 7.7 out of 10 Chinese have had anal sex with a
heterosexual partner. Little data are available on anal sex among
homosexuals because of the taboo character of that population and
studies on same-sex behavior (Burton 1990). (Dalin Liu?s Sex Culture
in Ancient China provides extensive information about sexual deviance
in China.)"
Cultural History of anal sex in China:
Human Sexualty: an Encyclopedia
http://www2.hu-berlin.de/sexology/GESUND/ARCHIV/SEN/INDEX.HTM
"In some cultures, men would insert fingers during certain rituals, or
wear butt plugs while meditating. Anal sex has often had mystical
significance. The berdache was often thought to have magical powers.
In China, anal intercourse with a wife was permitted because it was
thought that by doing so the husband could get the essence of yin.
Even gods of ancient Egypt, Seth and Horus, practiced anal sex as a
means of establishing dominance."
"Contrary to popular belief, anal sex is not an activity exclusive to
the male homosexual, nor is it the activity most often practiced by
him. Although statistics on this subject are suspect, some
investigators report that 47 percent of predominantly heterosexual men
and 61 percent of the women have tried anal intercourse."
Sexual tradition of China:
http://www2.hu-berlin.de/sexology/GESUND/ARCHIV/SEN/INDEX.HTM
-yin and yang key
"Among the oldest of the surviving Chinese manuscripts are those
dealing with sex. The two oldest extant texts, dating from 168 B.C.E.,
were discovered in 1973 in Chang-sa, Hunan Province, at Tomb No. 3.
The interment included 14 medical texts, three of them sexological
works: Shi-wan (Ten Questions and Answers), He-yin-yang-fang (Methods
of Intercourse between Yin and Yang), and Tian-xia-zhi-tao-tan
(Lectures on the Super Tao in the Universe).
Key to Chinese sexology is the concept of yin and yang. According to
the yin-yang philosophy, all objects and events are the products of
two elements, forces, or principles: yin, which is negative, passive,
weak, female, and destructive; and yang, which is positive, active,
strong, male, and constructive. It is quite possible that the two
sexes?whether conceived of in terms of female and male essences, the
different social roles of women and men, or the structural differences
between female and male sex organs?are not only the most obvious
results of the workings of yin and yang forces, but major sources from
which the ancient Chinese derived these concepts. Certainly, it was
very natural for yin-yang doctrine to become the basis of Chinese
sexual philosophy."
-erotica in Chinese literature
"Hundreds of erotic fictional works were written in the Ming
(1368-1644) and Ch'ing (1644-1911) dynasties. Ruan has examined
numerous classic Chinese stories and scored them on an eroticism Scale
of 1-4 as follows:
Score of 1: Fully erotic fiction?Works receiving this score
consist primarily or entirely of explicit sexual descriptions. An
example is Jou Pu Tuan (The Prayer Mat of Flesh).
Score of 2: Partially erotic fiction?Works receiving this score
include a considerable amount of explicit sexual description. An
example is Chin P'ing Mei (The Golden Lotus).
Score of 3: Incidentally erotic fiction?Works receiving this score
contain only a small amount of explicit sexual description, which is
incidental to the overall character of the novel. Examples are the
famous Hung Lou Meng (Dream of the Red Chamber), and 120 Hui Shiu Hu
Chuan (The Water Margin of 120 Chapters).
Score of 4: Nonerotic fiction?Works receiving this score contain
no explicit sexual description. Examples are Hsi Yu Chi (Journey to
the West, also known as Monkey), and San Kuo Yen Yi (The Romance of
the Three Kingdoms)."
-sex in modern China
"The only sexual behavior acknowledged to be legally and morally
permissible is heterosexual intercourse within monogamous marriage.
Every imaginable variation is explicitly proscribed: prostitution,
polygamy, premarital and extramarital intercourse (including
cohabitation arrangements), homosexuality, and variant sexual behavior
are all illegal. "
Books to check out:
Ruan, F.F. Sex in China: Studies in Sexology in Chinese Culture. New
York: Plenum Press, 1991.
van Gulik, R.H. Sexual Life in Ancient China: A Preliminary Survey of
Chinese Sex and Society From ca. 1500 B.C. till 1644 A.D. Leiden: E.J.
Brill, 1961.
The International Encyclopedia of Sexuality
http://www2.hu-berlin.de/sexology/GESUND/ARCHIV/IES/INDEX.HTM
This may have some statistics (pay)
AIDS Patient Care STDS. 1999 Dec;13(12):717-30.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=10743535&dopt=Abstract
"Studies of heterosexual HIV transmission have consistently found anal
intercourse to be a highly predictive risk factor for seroconversion.
Yet most AIDS prevention messages targeted at heterosexuals,
presumably influenced by cultural taboos against acknowledging this
sexual practice, continue to emphasize vaginal and, increasingly, oral
sex transmission. The health risks of anal sex appear to be severely
underestimated by a substantial proportion of sexually active women
and men in North and Latin America as well as parts of South Asia,
Africa, and other regions. Among heterosexuals reported rates of
condom use are nearly universally lower for anal than for vaginal
intercourse. This review examines anal sex among the general
population, including its prevalence in various world regions, related
sociocultural factors, and other associated health problems including
anorectal STDs, Hepatitis B infection, and HPV-related anal cancer in
women."
Doesn't refer specifically to anal intercourse- but may be of interest:
Attitudes to marriage and sexual behaviors: A survey of gender and
culture differences in China and United Kingdom
Sex Roles: A Journal of Research, Feb, 2002
http://articles.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m2294/is_2002_Feb/ai_90888980
HIV/AIDS in Asia (PDF)
http://www.wpro.who.int/pdf/sti/aids2001/part1_c.pdf
http://www.infoforhealth.org/pr/l12/l12print.shtml
"Sexual behaviors such as anal intercourse, however, are not linked to
pregnancy but do pose a risk of HIV/AIDS and other STIs. In fact,
heterosexual anal intercourse is common (110)."
http://www.virusmyth.net/aids/books/nhbrevfcline.htm
"I can assure you from what I have seen in that collection, anal
intercourse is not unknown to the Chinese or the Japanese. And not
only do we have whole populations largely free of AIDS, we have an
historical record of anal intercourse going back to prehistoric
times."
Refers to the U.S. but may be useful:
http://hivinsite.ucsf.edu/InSite.jsp?page=pr-02-10&doc=2098.45ff
"An estimated seven times more women than gay men are having unprotected anal sex.
Given the far greater infectivity of anal intercourse compared to
vaginal or oral sex, a substantial proportion of HIV transmission can
be attributed to this practice.
How can HIV prevention campaigns effectively break the taboos around
addressing anal sex among heterosexual couples?"
|
Request for Answer Clarification by
re_fuse-ga
on
18 Jun 2004 19:43 PDT
Thank you very much Adiloren-ga and Umiat-ga
Your answers provided much detail . I fully apprieciate the efforts to
which you have gone to. I am Sorry about the delay with the billing
issue .
........................................................
A small final clarification would be much apprieciated
I am seeking any possible references of.... "Any Studies on the
prevalence of Chinese immigrants making false allegations to Police
about their Spouce to gain ,advantage/Green card/money/custody of
Children ect".
This information could be of a legal or acedemic nature.
.........................................................
The view point of why I want this information is that there is a few
cases like this has been happening lately in Australia My case will be
a benchmark for the others. I am basicaly doing this research ( which
idealy should be done by a lawyer) to save costs.
The person ( my wife who made the allegations done this so she could
stay in the country. She normaly would of had to wait untill the 22nd
of June this year to get her permmanet visa. If the relationship broke
down she normaly would have to return to China ,unless she could prove
she was the victim of Domestic Violence. The police now know that they
made a big mistake but they have to follow the normal due process of
law.
.........................................................................
Again than you
regards from Stephen
|
Request for Answer Clarification by
re_fuse-ga
on
19 Jun 2004 21:14 PDT
Thank you very much Adiloren-ga and Umiat-ga
Your answers provided much detail . I fully apprieciate the efforts to
which you have gone to. I am Sorry about the delay with the billing
issue .
........................................................
A small final clarification would be much apprieciated
I am seeking any possible references of.... "Any Studies on the
prevalence of Chinese immigrants making false allegations to Police
about their Spouce to gain ,advantage/Green card/money/custody of
Children ect".
This information could be of a legal or acedemic nature.
.........................................................
The view point of why I want this information is that there is a few
cases like this has been happening lately in Australia My case will be
a benchmark for the others. I am basicaly doing this research ( which
idealy should be done by a lawyer) to save costs.
The person ( my wife who made the allegations done this so she could
stay in the country. She normaly would of had to wait untill the 22nd
of June this year to get her permmanet visa. If the relationship broke
down she normaly would have to return to China ,unless she could prove
she was the victim of Domestic Violence. The police now know that they
made a big mistake but they have to follow the normal due process of
law.
.........................................................................
Again than you
regards from Stephen
|
Clarification of Answer by
adiloren-ga
on
19 Jun 2004 23:35 PDT
I will need a little bit of time to further clarify. I have been
moving into a new place and have been extremely busy. I will get to it
as soon as I can- probably tomorrow night, or perhaps tomorrow
morning. Thank you for your patience. I recognize that you need this
information promptly, but want to designate the time to it necessary
to provide you with an adequate response.
Best regards,
Anthony
|
Request for Answer Clarification by
re_fuse-ga
on
21 Jun 2004 19:50 PDT
Dear Anthony
I fully apprieciate the efforts to
which you have gone to. I relise you are busy at this moment
tho I do need any possible references of.... "Any Studies on the
prevalence of Chinese immigrants making false allegations to Police
about their Spouce to gain ,advantage/Green card/money/custody of
Children ect".
This information could be of a legal or acedemic nature.
.........................................................
The view point of why I want this information is that there is a few
cases like this has been happening lately in Australia My case will be
a benchmark for the others. I am basicaly doing this research ( which
idealy should be done by a lawyer) to save costs.
The person ( my wife who made the allegations done this so she could
stay in the country. She normaly would of had to wait untill the 22nd
of June this year to get her permmanet visa. If the relationship broke
down she normaly would have to return to China ,unless she could prove
she was the victim of Domestic Violence. The police now know that they
made a big mistake but they have to follow the normal due process of
law.
.........................................................................
Again than you
regards from Stephen
|
Clarification of Answer by
adiloren-ga
on
22 Jun 2004 00:50 PDT
I'll keep looking, but the legal evidence that I have access to is
primarily from the U.S. I have looked for info on this from an
Australian perspective and haven't found much. I'll do some more
searching on this tomorrow and get back to you.
|
Request for Answer Clarification by
re_fuse-ga
on
22 Jun 2004 01:42 PDT
Dear Andrew
Legal info from an American perspective is ok
|
Request for Answer Clarification by
re_fuse-ga
on
23 Jun 2004 19:39 PDT
Dear Andrew
I guess you are still busy shifting house
When you get a spare moment could you post the final clarification
...even if it was web links I could get the information from there my
self. don`t bother trying to find this from an Australian perspective
as no information exists ( at least no publicaly ). If any
information exists from an American perspective it would help me in a
big way. Once again I thank you for all your efforts and time. I rate
you highly as your research is of a very good quality
Regards from Stephen
|
Clarification of Answer by
adiloren-ga
on
24 Jun 2004 11:15 PDT
I'm going to work on it right now. I'll post the clarification soon.
|
Clarification of Answer by
adiloren-ga
on
24 Jun 2004 12:54 PDT
This case may help:
Filed 6/3/04 Hyun v. Park CA1/2
http://64.233.167.104/search?q=cache:p6ln2ZZMDz8J:www.courtinfo.ca.gov/opinions/nonpub/A102089.DOC+accused+domestic+abuse+%22green+card%22&hl=en
"On June 7, Park talked to an immigration agent about the situation
with Hyun. The agent “was not surprised and said that this was not an
unusual thing to happen. He said that if I were convicted of the
felony for spouse abuse, Ms. Hyun could stay in the USA. He said that
this was the right thing for me to do to report this incident. If I
am not found guilty and as soon as INS finds Ms. Hyun, they would give
her a notice to leave the USA within 30 days.”
On June 23, the day before Park was to go to court on the spousal
abuse charge, Hyun called and asked how Park wanted her to “handle”
the case. “It sounded like if I gave her enough money, she would drop
the charge.” They spoke for over an hour, during which time Hyun did
not complain about rape or abuse, said she was “so sick for over two
weeks because she felt so sorry for me,” and Park told her she had one
chance for him to accept her as his wife again, to admit her false
accusation and promise it would never happen again.
Park was not charged with spousal abuse but informed that an
investigation was pending. He withdrew his application for Hyun’s
green card. Along with his declaration, he supplied a number of
medical records, including his physician’s notes from December 2001,
indicating, among other things, that Park had been impotent for about
two years and was starting on Viagra. He also submitted reports from
a psychotherapist he saw on June 5, 12 and 24, for “major depression,”
which related that Park was stressed over the “traumatic incident”
involving marital problems, being “taken advantage of” by his wife and
being falsely arrested for spousal abuse."
Here is a forum on false allegations of abuse to obtain green cards:
http://www.safe4all.org/forums/message-view?message_id=7583
Here is a case that is different, of course, but interesting:
Temple International and Comparative Law Journal
Spring, 2002
16 Temp. Int'l & Comp. L.J. 27
"In New York, an immigrant woman from southeast China obtained a
restraining order against her husband for spousal battery and filed
criminal charges against him. n73 In retaliation, the woman's husband
and his new girlfriend [*35] accused her of trying to murder them
and had her arrested. n74 Shortly thereafter, the police dropped the
criminal case against her husband because they were no longer sure
they could believe her. n75"
another case from the same law review article:
"When Thuy's husband had sex with her, it was with a knife at her
throat, whispering [*41] threats in her ear. n132 Once he struck her
so viciously that blood stained her clothes. n133 Six months after
they were married, Thuy's husband made her sign, unbeknownst to her,
divorce papers. n134 Under VAWA 1994, Thuy's divorce would have
rendered her ineligible for legal permanent residency. However, VAWA
2000 remedies this shortcoming by giving abused immigrant women a
period of two years after a divorce to petition for legal permanent
residency. n135
To qualify for the above relief, an immigrant woman must demonstrate
that the marriage or intent to marry was in good faith and that she
has been battered or subject to extreme cruelty by her spouse or
intended spouse during the marriage or the relationship intended by
the woman to be a legal marriage. n136 VAWA 2000 further allows all
VAWA 1994 self-petitioners to apply for adjustment of status whether
or not they were inspected upon entering the country or whether they
subsequently maintained lawful status. n137"
Cornell Journal of Law and Public Policy
Spring, 2000
9 Cornell J. L. & Pub. Pol'y 697
"A second remedy is available to abused alien women who do not qualify
under the self-petitioning provision: the cancellation of removal
proceedings. n41 Cancellation of removal is also available to a
battered alien whose petition to adjust from conditional status has
been denied. n42 Under VAWA, an alien who is inadmissible or
deportable may have removal proceedings against her cancelled and her
status adjusted upon a showing that she is a battered spouse. n43 This
offers battered alien women another chance to obtain legal status.
The cancellation of removal proceedings is not, however, guaranteed
upon a showing of abuse. It is a discretionary remedy. Under Section
240A(b)(2) of the INA, the Attorney General may cancel removal
proceedings if the alien demonstrates that: (1) she has been battered
or subjected to extreme cruelty in the United States by a spouse who
is a U.S. citizen or lawful permanent resident; and (2) her removal
would result in extreme hardship. n44 In addition to the discretionary
language in the statute, there is an additional limitation on the
availability of this form of relief. The statute limits the number of
removal proceedings that the Attorney General may cancel each year.
n45"
"To qualify for any immigration benefit by virtue of marriage to a
citizen or LPR, an alien woman must prove that the marriage was
entered into in good faith. n86 This good faith requirement covers not
only the current marriage under INS scrutiny but both spouses' prior
marriages as well. n87 A finding that an abusive spouse's prior
marriage was fraudulent [*709] may result in denial of the alien
woman's petition and lead to subsequent deportation. n88 Thus, an
abusive spouse can threaten to claim not just that the marriage
currently under scrutiny is fraudulent, but also that any prior
marriage was fraudulent, defeating the abused woman's claim. This
threat can discourage abused women from filing valid petitions."
An article on Australian Asylum Law:
The generous country? Asylum seeking in Australia: myths, facts and statistics,
13 September 2001, Storey Hall RMIT, Melbourne, Peter Mares
http://www.carad-wa.org/library/mares131101.htm
|
Clarification of Answer by
adiloren-ga
on
25 Jun 2004 14:45 PDT
Thank your for the high rating- I realize that the answer wasn't
perfect and that it sometimes took some trial and error to get on the
same page. I do assure you that a lot of work went into it and that
the web and a lot of databases have been searched up and down for
relevant material. I hope it helps with your case. Good luck.
Sincerely,
Anthony
|
